personality traits

Team Personality Traits Dawn Borden , Gracie Reed Johanna Guedea, Megan Miller PSY/250 December 02, 2013 Anney Snyder Team Personality Traits can be easily captured by five dimensions. These dimensions are called the Big Five. The Big Five consists of Extroversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Instability, and Openness. A combination of questions and answers provides information that determines which characteristics are associated with each other. If teams were handpicked with specific goals in mind, these characteristics could determine whether the team succeeds or not.For xample, a team made up of aggressive, deceptive, passive and destructive personalities would probably not agree on anything. The Big Five have been gathered through the result of decades' worth of psychological research into personality. While they don't capture the idiosyncrasies of everyone's personality, it is a theoretical framework in which to understand general components of our personality th at seem to be the most important in our social and interpersonal interactions with others (psychcentral. com/blog/archives/2009).Everyone took the same test and the results came out very different from each ther results. Johanna is a very well organized and can be relied upon, extremely outgoing, social and energetic. Agreeableness, finds it easy to express irritation with others. But also is generally relaxed most of the time. Gracie is reclusive, quite, unassertive, and private; overly organized, neat, structured, and retrained at the expense too often of flexibility, variety, spontaneity and fun. Gracie is relaxed, calm, secure, and optimistic in life. Moderately kind natured, trusting and helpful while still maintaining own interests.At times can be suggested overly small minded, raditional, and conventional at the expense of intellectual curiosity, possibility, and progress. Megan does not typically seek out new experiences, very well organized and can be relied upon. Extremely outgoing, socially, and energetic, good natured, courteous, and supportive. Generally relaxed at the most times in life and in most situations. Dawn is at times overall talkative, outgoing, sociable, and interacting at the expense of developing own individual interests and internally based identity.Overly organized, neat, structured and restrained at the expense too often of flexibility, ife at most times. Is overly kind natured, trusting, and helpful at the expense too often of your own individual development. Is intellectual, curious, imaginative, but possibly not very practical in life. Working together is a great asset once we learn how to utilize everyone's skills. Being on a team allows for much more perspective rather than Just our own. Looking at the Big Five Assessment results we can determine who is the most organized and works best under pressure.We can also tell who has a creative personality and is open to trying new things. These are all excellent traits to ave for a team completing an assignment. When breaking down the team assignments it would be in our best interest to choose someone who pays close attention to detail, is organized, as well as dependable to be our leader. If we chose a procrastinator and someone who is easily anxious we may wind up with a late or unprepared assignment which would cost us points. Knowing what everyone's strengths and weaknesses are allows us to really know who we are working with and how to handle our assignments.Looking at the Big Five assessment we can easily determine who has which traits. According to the results we all got, the Big 5 Personality Test is not the most reliable test to describe an individual's personality. There are various factors that define someone's personality, but if an answer is need instantly then the test is big help. For example for a Job interview, the Big 5 Personality Test is an extremely good way to somewhat let the employer know if that person is a good candidate for that cert ain position. According to each other's result we did not exactly came to an agreement for the accuracy of this test.In my opinion it was accurate, for myself. But I would not use the test to define who I am. Dawn's results were indeed not accurate one- hundred percent. Due to the fact that it said he was more of an extrovert than an introvert, when in fact he is the opposite. The Big Five test is perfect for online schools because it lets everyone know which person works well under pressure, who procrastinates, and who is an over achiever, and more. With this, each team can be prepared for what it is in stores within their team. The Big Five is a valid test for certain things, but it indeed does not define who an individual is.It is a very good elp, to begin working with others but we each will get to know each other as we all work together. â€Å"The weakness of the Big Five Theory is that there is some debate among researchers as to what makes up the core of each element† ( Booker, Kitchen, Rebman. 2007). It is clear that we all have different opinions of what makes up each of the components that the test is divided into, but we all have some similarities therefore the test is not that much inaccurate. Different definitions but same key points, which makes the Big Five Test a good method for online school and other hings such as Job interviews.The various personality tests can give a synopsis of a person's likely hood of working well within a group setting. It cannot however take into consideration all the various situations that may take place during this period. A person can start out with the best of intentions and fail. There may be a lack of communication among the group, prior personal commitments, technical issues, or just not understanding the assignment. You have people that adjust to any situation want to work by themselves because they do not trust others to do their share.The Big Five can be a useful way of helping an individual to unders tand themselves and others. You normally don't get to see the results of your teammate or coworker, so you are both working in the dark. Seeing the results can also lead to mistaken profiling. In most team assignments, you really don't get to know the people that you are assigned to work with due to time limitations. Walter Lippmann, an influential American writer, Journalist and political commentator, once said â€Å"For the most part we do not first see, and then define; we define first, and then we see.

Incorporate into Nursing Practice Essay

Customs and traditions based on culture are practices, actions or way of doing things that have existed for a long time. These practices are often believed to have a benefit, in the case of female circumcision, it is believed that a woman who is circumcised become a better wife in that it limits the possibility of infidelity. Practitioners of female circumcision perceive it as an integral part of the female’s cleansing and preparation for marriage. It is perceived as beneficial to a woman. However, medical knowledge identifies female circumcision as a practice that is detrimental to a woman’s health (Althaus, 1997). In the United States, female circumcision continues to be practiced because immigrants who believe in this tradition uphold the perception that such a practice is beneficial to the woman. For the CHN, there is a need to educate these practitioners of the detrimental effects of such a practice on health. To address cultural practices that are disadvantageous or detrimental to health the best primary measure would be to provide education regarding these issues. The prevention of harmful practices is key to the community health practice and should be directed to â€Å"well† individuals (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2004). As such health promotion and education should start with local information campaign that educates about the occurrence of female circumcision as well as the negative effects it has on a woman’s long term health (Althaus, 1997). This action provides specific protection to the community. An immediate goal should be to be able to communicate to these small cultural communities and inform their members of the dangers of their practice. Costello (2004) explained that educating these communities is the best method of protection. This information campaign should involve written materials, presentations, media, group process and peer support to provide many channels of communication to members of the community. A principal goal should be to be able to disseminate information quickly and with great accessibility. The help of community leaders and figure heads should be sought for this information campaign. The challenge to the Western health practitioner is to be able to integrate Western medicine with non-Western traditions by involving community leaders and figure heads, the CHN gains credibility within the community and the introduction of new concepts can be better received (Bastable, 2007). Secondary prevention involves identifying cases of individuals who have been subjected to female circumcision as well as individuals who are practitioners of female circumcision. According to Althaus (1997) the practice of female circumcision is rarely spoken of and if it occurs to a woman, the victim, normally does not want to talk about it. Secondary prevention should involve creating community centers or groups that can provide support to women who have undergone female circumcision, or who are in risk of it. These centers or groups can help women deal with the physical and emotional consequences of undergoing such violent acts. As a second measure, an anonymous referral service should be established to create a channel where individuals can anonymously report the occurrence of female circumcision, individuals suspected of having undergone female circumcision or individuals who promote female circumcision. This helps the CHN identify individuals who may have physical or emotional needs due to female circumcision or individuals who are in risk of female circumcision. Tertiary prevention should involve rehabilitating the persons who have undergone female circumcision as well as creating an alternative practice that achieves the same benefit as that perceived in the performance of female circumcision (BBC News, 1998). According to Althaus (1997) female circumcision was seen as passage into womanhood and preparation for marriage. In an effort to prevent the occurrence of female circumcision, an alternative initiation ritual can be introduced to take the place of female circumcision. Reference List Althaus, F. A. (1997). Female Circumcision: Right of Passage or Violation of Rights. International Family Planning Perspectives, 23(3). Bastable, S. B. (2007). Nurse as Educator. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. BBC News. (1998). Female Genital Mutilation. BBC News: World Edition. Retrieved March 20, 2009 from http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/health/medical_notes/241221. stm Costello, A. (2004, February 19). Two in U. S. Accused of Genital Mutilation. Women’s E News. Retrieved March 7, 2009 from http://www. womensenews. org/article. cfm/dyn/aid/1718 Stanhope, M. and Lancaster, J. (2004). Community and Public Health Nursing. St. Loius, Missouri: Mosby.

Water Laws in the United States of America Essay

Water Laws in the United States of America - Essay Example There are rights of tribes that need to be taken into account while framing these laws. Apart from this, there is also the issue of balancing conservation with development, which has become a major issue in the understanding of the use of natural resources. An awareness of the need for sustainable development has led to a greater amount of care being put into the conservation of the environment. Framing appropriate laws is one of the most important parts of the conservation of the environment. This paper shall look at the different laws that govern the use of water and water bodies in America. It shall also look at the conflicts that have arisen as a result of such laws and the violations that have happened. All of these go to show how important the preservation of the environment is and the problems that may result as a result of neglect and avarice. The United States Environment Protection Agency seeks to ensure the quality of the water that is found in American water bodies. Water Quality Standards are set to be maintained that are then strictly enforced. These not only prevent unauthorised factory effluents from dirtying the water, they also prevent the contamination of the water by people who live near these rivers and lakes. An important part of this endeavour is the Clean Water Act that results in the standards being constantly monitored. This act lays down specific standards that need to be revised regularly to meet the needs of the community and also to make it scientifically viable. Section 304(a)(1) makes it necessary for the criteria that are laid down for the quality standard of the water found in rivers and lakes to be measured according to the latest scientific discoveries. These discoveries are required to be done taking into consideration the state of the fish that live in these water bodies. CWA Â §316(b) requires that the different aspects that are associated with cooling water intake structures are required to meet certain standards that ta ke into account the environmental impact that they have (Surface Water Standards & Guidance, 2012). The rights of the separate communities of America too have to be maintained while framing the laws regarding them. The maintenance of the peaceful fabric of the American society is to be given a great deal of importance while framing these laws. Laws that reserve a certain amount of water from certain water bodies are commonly known as Winter Rights. They prohibit the use of water that is reserved for the use of Native American tribes that are federally recognized, by others. It prohibits such use, unless such instances are those where the tribes relinquish their rights. These laws are created in such a way that they coincide with the laws that are created by the states for the protection of the rights of the Native American tribes. This has been done to avoid conflicts that may escalate into racial tension. Such laws need to exist to maintain the culture of America that integrates pe ople of different backgrounds and ensures their cultural and economic welfare. There is however, conflict regarding this law where it is felt that certain sections of the populations seeks to appropriate the water that is reserved for the federally recognized tribes in America (Winters Rights (Decision), 2011). Riparian rights are also an important part of the legal framework governing the use of water. It provides a person who owns a piece of land in front of a water body the rights to usage of the water and other resources associated with it. The owner of the land is allowed to use the vegetation of the bottom of the river right in

Investment theory and analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investment theory and analysis - Case Study Example "The Reported Amount reflects a value of $0.02 Per Share of Data Center Relocation Costs." SEATTLE (BUSINESS WIRE) May 13, 1999. Nordstrom, Inc. also reported diluted earnings per share of $0.22 for its first quarter, ending April 30, 1999. Nordstrom's Earnings per share increased by 33%, to 52 cents a share, about a penny more than the analysts at Wall Street had expected. There has also been an increase in sales to about 12% in the fall, amounting to about $1.87 billion. Sales at locations open at least a year (same-store sales), have also increased to an impressive 11%. Nordstrom's Catalog sales gained the most, increasing as much as 30%, followed by sales at the company's discount stores, which increased by about 11%, and sales at the full-line department store, which went up by nearly 9%.This reported amount reflects a value of $0.02 per share of non-recurring costs related to the resettlement of Nordstrom's data center from Seattle, Washington, to Denver, Colorado. Earnings per share also went up by 4.8 percent, above the $0.21 recorded between January and April last year. The company's Net earnings dropped by 2.5 percent, as compared to Net earnings of $31.5 million in the prior year. Company sales also dropped by 0.1 percent, from last year, and totaled $1.0 billion. Nordstrom Historical Stock Chart. Other relevant informationNordstrom, Inc. has an Internet presence at http://www.nordstrom.com, and the company's total square footage is 13,813,000. The company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, John Whitacre said "We were neither satisfied nor surprised with our first quarter performance. While we have been successful at paring inventory levels, which had burgeoned recently, we must now refine our merchandise... John W. Nordstrom was only 16 years old when he boy left Sweden, his home country, to come to New York City In 1887. He arrived in New York with just $5 left in his pocket, and was not even able to speak English at the time. For some years, he worked in logging camps and mines across the United States, but later went north to Alaska, after learning that gold had been found there.Nordstrom’s business philosophy has been based on quality, value, exceptional service, and selection. The company has built a devoted customer base, and has more than 180 stores across 27 states in America. Nordstrom now has a stock market value of more than $12 billion. Nordstrom, Inc. has an Internet presence at http://www.nordstrom.com, and the company’s total square footage is 13,813,000. The company’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, John Whitacre said "We were neither satisfied nor surprised with our first quarter performance. While we have been successful at paring inventory l evels, which had burgeoned recently, we must now refine our merchandise mix to better align it with customer needs." As of April 30th, 1999, retail store inventory per square foot declined 7.1 percent and total inventory declined 4.7 percent, both from year-ago levels. Gross margin increased 0.9 percentage points to 33.8 percent of sales in the 1999 first quarter. For the quarter, comparable store sales declined 2.6 percent.

Price drop of crude oil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Price drop of crude oil - Essay Example In addition, several deals that America has made with war-torn oil-producing countries. The art article addresses the factors mentioned above. The quantity of crude futures declined in the recent past on concerns that the global oversupply is hurriedly filling oil stocks. Total petroleum output in the year 2015 is expected to go up to 9.35 million barrels every day. The quantity is slightly more than the 9.3 million barrels daily forecast in the previous period, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) highlighted last week in its monthly short-term energy outlook. Independently, oil stocks went up more than anticipated marking the several consecutive week of a higher overall than at any other time for the last 80 years and more. The American commercial crude oil stocks rose by approximately 4.5 million barrels from the previous week; the EIA said Wednesday. Another reason weighing on oil price is the OPEC policies on the export of crude oil to the global market. As a result, the American oil output could be adversely affected in the recent years due to low oil prices offered by the OPEC countries. In addition, OPEC also outlines that the lower global oil prices may have affected the marginal barrel output from other sources, such as shale. The OPEC is a significant body in the oil industry. Therefore, its decisions and marketing affects trade in crude oil because it controls a large percentage of the world’s fuel production. As such, any decision that they make directly affects the market prices of the commodity (Why the oil price is falling , 2014). In this case, the petroleum trading block may take actions targeting their competitors in order to establish gain control of a larger market. Such activities may include flooding the market with the commodity leading to market forces coming into play and hence price decline.

Industrialization Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Industrialization Movement - Essay Example The US adopted the free market policy and private enterprise flourished. Fordism and post-Fordism assisted in the industrialization of the high order. However, banks operated with great conservatism and companies were forced to make quick profits and improve their value if they had to obtain financial support (Hutton, W 1995)Companies could downsize at will as per market requirements and as a consequence labour fetched high wages. It achieved economies of scale, had an active and vibrant financial market, a vast pool of skilled labour force, institutions of the state supporting labour welfare and the capitalist system was established as the dominant force of Industrialization (Hutton, W 1995). Post-1945, for its own sake to avoid recession, the US supported the industrialization movement in war-wrecked Europe which also adopted the free market policies of competition for rebuilding its industry, but due to its cultural and political makeup of consensus building, they adopted a more socialistic outlook. Lead by Germany and closely followed by Austria, Holland and Switzerland they industrialized with cooperation between all stakeholders, the financial institutions, the entrepreneurs and the labour, who had power-sharing representation on company boards (Hutton, W 1995). The respective governments also looked at this arrangement benignly as they themselves were products of national coalitions and consensus was of paramount importance. They invested heavily in social welfare. The result was that profit was not the prime motive but sharing of profits was more important. Labour was therefore content with less, and so was the banks that held large shares in the companies and ens ured their survival as vital stakeholders. Japan was a unique model of late industrialization.

Bible and the Odyssey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bible and the Odyssey - Essay Example â€Å"Deceiver, creator, acculturator, unmasked liar, survivor – these qualities of the trickster do apply to the deceiving, ethically ambiguous survivor Abram of Genesis 12: 10 – 20† (Niditch 45). Abram is portrayed as a trickster; this is because he is the Israelites’ progenitor and the traditional initiator of Yahwism, and the first contributor of covenant with God (Niditch 45). The tale of Abram in Genesis 12 outlines the particular trickster morphology that is common pattern of the narrative components; in this case, the trickster plays his or her role. This morphology is unique to both the Israelite literature and other literatures found throughout the universe (Niditch 46). The Odyssey offers an example of trickster morphology in which one of the incidents creates an important link to the larger part of the epic narrative chain. In Book 9, Odyssey speaks of his capture or imprisonment and escape from the hands of Cyclops Polyphemos. The minimized st atus of the heroes occurs when they become captives and a source of food, simple nourishment, for their unacculturated captor, who consumes Achains by the handful. The trick or deception created by Odyssey is to â€Å"make the Cyclops drunk, to blind him, and then escape tied to the monster’s sheep as they leave his cave to reach pasture† (Niditch 47). As part of his deception, Odyssey makes the giant believe that he is nobody. However, the hero creates a sophistication of himself through the revelation of his deception. Out of his boldness, he discloses his actual character to the wounded son of Poseidon. In this way, he becomes the hero of prisoners of Poseidon, and the prisoner of sorts. The Odysseus men are supposed to die at the sea and Odyssey has to suffer more statuslessness and wandering (Niditch 47). Just like Genesis 12, Genesis 26 traces the pattern of deception from the marginal status to the enhancement of the underdog tale. Genesis 26 is full of trickste r; this is because deception is revealed and there is deception (Niditch 51). The deception found in Genesis 26 is due to a direct response to a threat. In other words, the perceived threat is dealt with deception. The revelation of the reduced status in Genesis 26 comes before the heroes’ status is improved. This is in contrast to Genesis 12 where deception results in the heroes’ improvement and the revelation of their reduced status (Niditch 52). The theme of deception is evident throughout the Odyssey. There are many examples where individuals (particularly Odysseus and goddess Athena) use deception. The reason for acts of deception vary, however, Homer evidently indicates the significance placed on being clever. Athena uses deception as an act of disguise whereas Odysseus uses deception as an act of storytelling. Athena as a young man appears to Odysseus after he wakes up on Ithaka confused of his whereabouts. Athena disguises herself in order to test Odysseus; in other words, Athena wants to see if Odysseus is still on his toes. In response, Odysseus tells Athena (disguised as a man) a fake story about himself. The purpose behind Athena’s cover up is Homer’s means of continuing to stress about how smart Odysseus is. Homer evidently states his perspective of Odysseus when Athena states that â€Å"Of all men alive / you are the best in plots and storytelling† (13.351-52)†

Roles and responsibilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Roles and responsibilities - Essay Example Coaching and physical instruction involves programming and planning process. It extensively involves the teaching style, the learning style, the leadership style, the coaching style and the communication skills. According to Cross (1999), physical fitness is categorized into two, first, is the general fitness which refers to the condition of an individual health and wealth being. Secondly, is the specific fitness which is mainly task-oriented. It is defined depending on an individual’s ability to carry out different aspects of sports. Physical fitness is gained through exercising, having the correct nutrition and adequate rest. All these are important in an individual’s life. According to Weinberg and Gould (2005), physical activity is an exercise through which the body is made to work extra hard than normal. It involves actives that go to the extreme level as compared to one’s routine of just sitting, standing and walking up the stairs. Increased Physical activi ty is beneficial to all. Sport is known to be a game that has its basis in physical athleticism, (Heyward, 2006). The roles and responsibilities of a coach are viewed at times as being complex and involving Cassidy, (2005). At the same time they are exciting and very rewarding to all individuals involved. ... This is based on the idea that reassurance and relieve is attained through sharing anxieties. Fourthly, a coach is a demonstrator; a coach has to clearly demonstrate the right skill which the athletes are supposed to perform. Fifth, he or she plays a role of a friend; a coach and an athlete develop personal relationship with time as they work together. Apart from provision of coaching advice sport coach become a close person who can also be involved problems discussion and sharing of success. A coach has to be careful and ensure that all personal information remains confidential. Through this, the coach will manage to maintain the existing friendship and respect. The sixth role is that of a facilitator, a coach is greatly involved in identifying the appropriate competitions which best suit the athletes. This will assist the competitors in attaining their yearly objectives. The seventh role is that of a fact finder, a coach plays a key role in collection of data of both national and i nternational results and provides updates with the latest training techniques. Eight, a coach is a fountain of knowledge; in some cases coaches are asked questions on different events on media, for example television, diet, sport injuries and other topics outside the field of sports. Ninth, a coach is also an instructor who is supposed to instruct athletes on different sport skills. Tenth, he or she is a motivator; a coach plays a key role in maintaining the motivation of athletes throughout the year. Twelfth, he or she is a role model, a coach remains to be a model on specific behavioural and social role for those under him or her to imitate. This is among the most important roles as coaches are required to be good examples to

Organizations digital investigation process Essay - 1

Organizations digital investigation process - Essay Example The occurrences can be triggered by internal and external factors and can cause considerable damage or loss to an organization directly or indirectly. For instance A contingency plan should be devised to mitigate such incidences. A framework formulated will prepare for both low frequency/high impact as well as high frequency/low impact events in the organization. This paper details investigation procedure at Salford university school of computing science and Engineering. Our case study will focus on server intrusion in the university school department. An incident of server intrusion to the university system occurred, and a contingency plan formulated to authenticate the suspicion, respond and analyze the incident. Due to the delicate nature of digital evidence improper handling may lead to damaged or compromised data. The idea of having to start an investigation in this department can lead to a crisis. Proper procedures need to be laid down to manage the crisis. There are general qu estions, which the CFA will need to address in order to carry out the investigation successfully. A digital investigation divided into different stages according to the model adopted. Researchers at the U. S. Air Force studied various models and came up with common characteristics that characterize these models. They then incorporated them in a single model known as Abstract Process Model. It contains different phases; this model has 17 phases classified into 5 major groups. (Gilbert Peterson, 2009).

Business Continuity Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Continuity Planning - Research Paper Example In 2007, Hewlett Packard conducted a study on the uptake of business continuity planning in some selected organizations. The results indicated that about â€Å"31% of small business† had no business continuity planning in place (Guy & Lownes-Jackson, 2011, p.55). This paper will explore how business can develop a business continuity plan to certify that they are prepared to face disruptive events that natural or manmade factors can trigger within the business environment. In this research paper, I will explore the steps that business can take to develop an efficient business continuity planning that will boost the preparedness to face disaster. In particular, the paper will delve on the steps that organizations must follow to arrive at a concrete and useful business continuity planning. First, the paper will explore first step called the initiation step where senior management of an organization meets and carry out a comprehensive review of the shortcomings in preparedness alo ng with evaluating available resources. Second, the paper will address the second stage—business impact analysis. The paper will reveal the value of business impact analysis and its execution. ... Lastly, the fifth section of the paper will detail how organizations carry out maintenance and testing of business continuity planning they have developed. Such a paper should provide significant insights on the process of business continuity planning and embed it as a core strategy that businesses can adopt to remain competitive in a world for myriads of factors can cause business to stop their operations. Business continuity planning Business operations are often at risk of disruption by threats from natural forces or human factors. For instance, terrorists attack on World Trade Centre and the Tsunami in Japan left many businesses with the lack of capacity to do any business operations (Adkins, Thornton & Blake, 2009). It is such threats that create a need for business continuity planning because this process allows business to resume their operations and sustain critical operations when an outage occurs (Wei. 2009). In order for an organization to have a business continuity plan i n place, it has to follow the five steps necessary in creating a Business continuity plan. a) Initiation the Plan This is often the first state of business continuity planning where the senior management of the organization meet, strategize, and evaluate the feasibility of the project. This meeting plays an integral role in allowing the managers to own the business continuity-planning project and dedicate various resources for its completion. In this meeting, the management will review the goals and objective of the project and align them with the business objectives of the organization (Rinehardt, 2010). In addition, the management must also identity

Self-esteem and Respect Essay Example for Free

Self-esteem and Respect Essay â€Å"Respect permeates every aspect of you life. † As Joe Clark said in this quote, respect takes charge of everything in a persons life. The dictionary definition of respect is â€Å"a feeling of deep admiration for someone or something, elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements. † Being respectful may come natural to most people, but for others its a difficult task. Having respect can be taught from a young age. Being respectful requires, having self respect, listening to others, and earning and giving respect to other people. Self respect is having appropriate sense of ones own dignity and integrity. If a person does not respect themselves then they probably will never respect other people. If a person notices that another person does not take care of themselves by proper hygiene, letting people run over them, or having low self esteem, then people will mostly likely not respect that person. If a person practices good psychological health, physical health, and recreational health, then they respect themselves and are a good example of self respect. On the other hand if a person never exercises, smokes, drinks all the time, and hangs out with criminals, then they do not have self respect. People who have self respect will care enough about their bodies, and will not put themselves in those type of situations. Self respect is a trait that everyone should develop at some point because it will determine how the rest of your life will turn out, and is required for having a happy and satisfying life. Parks 2 Respect is listening to other people. When a person truly respects someone they will listen to their opinions and values, even if its something that does not interest you. When listening to someone you give them your undivided attention. When a person sits down and put away all of their distractions (cell phones, computers paperwork) away that shows that they care and respect that other person. When listening to other people, try to stay present with what the speaker is saying, and do not let your mind wonder. When the person that is speaking is finished speaking, pause before you reply. Pausing shows that the listener respects what the person just said, and is carefully thinking of a respectful way to reply. If people are great listeners, this opens up doors for a lot mutually respectful relationships. Respect is not a right. Its not just given to a person just because they want it. Respect is earned. Someone who wants to be respected should carry out actions suitable enough for people to take notice of and have positive worth to the world. Respect is earned by the way a person carries themselves and the way a person treats others. If a person does not respect a persons, feelings, values, and opinions, then other people will not respect their, feelings, values, and opinions. Respect is earned by a person, by making it crystal clear that that persons care about themselves. That also sets standards for how other people should treat that person. Respect is also earned by standing up for what you believe in, even if that person is the only one standing up for that belief. Living a life with respect may be hard to do, but once other people are respectful to a person it often becomes an instinct to give that respect right back. Respect permeates every aspect of a persons life. Respect is the foundation of every aspect in a persons life and it is important to possess this trait. Being a respectful person to others and yourself opens up many doors and relationships.

Selecting Right Partner In Forming International Joint Ventures Management Essay

Selecting Right Partner In Forming International Joint Ventures Management Essay Over the past twenty years, there has been a surge of interest of companies coming together, many of which were reflected in the popular management press and the academic journals of corporate links being formed. Many organisation now uses strategic relationship rather than competition among themselves to grow their business. These are formed for a variety of reasons, which include new technology development, expansion to new domestic market, reducing manufacturing cost, new product development, ability to increase profit margin, financial support and sharing of economics risk, overcome legal and trade barriers and many more. These are some of the reasons why collaboration sometimes called partnering, alliances or joint venture among many terms are formed. Joint venture is one of the most popular forms of strategic relationship and it utilises separate business entities like cooperation, limited liability company or partnership, this entity makes the involved parties to limit the lia bilities involved. In recent years global challenges has fostered many companies from many countries to go into international joint venture more stronger than in the past, manufacturing companies, oil and gas companies, construction companies, banking sectors, automobile companies and many more are forming the international joint ventures. Objectives As partner selection is considered to be very important to have a successful collaboration, this module will be focusing on selecting the right partner in forming an international joint ventures. The answers will be focusing on the literature on how to select a good and successful partner when forming a joint venture. Also the following factors will be considered in forming a successful collaboration: The main characteristics to look for in a good collaborative partner, selection criteria and the strategic, political and tactical implications. The factors thats determines the good partners match in collaboration. And what the two companies going into collaboration can do to create good partnership condition. Literature review introduction As it was started in the objectives in the previous chapter, this report will be discussing various factors that are needed to be highly considered in selecting a partner when forming international joint venture, but before going further below are the definitions of some common terms of collaboration. Some Basic Definitions Collaboration Different companies go into collaboration with different reasons, and the reason why many companies go into collaboration is to try and gain competitive advantage, entering new market and many more. Collaboration accomplish shared vision, achieve positive outcomes for the audience involved and it also build interdependent system to address issues and opportunities. It is a world in which almost anything, in principle, is possible since you are not limited by your own resources and expertise only but by tapping into resources and expertise of others. ( Huxham and Vangen, 2005). Members of the collaborations needs to be ready and willing to share their vision, mission, power, goals and resources to achieve success. Also Collaboration is the act of working together to create or produce something for mutual benefit. (Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary, 2001). http://ayanthianandagoda.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/collaboration.jpg Fig 1 collaboration Source : http://ayanthianandagoda.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/collaboration.jpg Joint ventures There are many different definition for joint ventures, as experts opinions differ significantly. A joint venture is a strategic alliance formed by two or more parties usually in businesses, partner together to share markets, assets, intellectual property, knowledge and profit. (Valerie, 2006). Stephen et al.(1993) consider joint venture as a form of collaboration. He later defined it as a distinct business entirely created and jointly owned by two or more parent organisations. Robert L .Wallace ( 2004,) defined joint venture as the coming together of two or more independent businesses in which both of them have sole purpose of achieving a specific outcome that might be difficult for each of them to achieve individually. http://www.internationaltradelaw.org/images/partnership.jpg Fig 2 joint venture . Source : http://www.internationaltradelaw.org/images/partnership.jpg International joint ventures When joint ventures crosses across the border, it becomes international joint ventures. International joint venture is defined as the joint ventures that involve firms coming together from different countries cooperating across national and cultural boundaries. ( Aimin and Yadong, 2001). At times, international joint ventures are formed by two companies in the same country but located in a country other than their parent countries. (Geringer and Hebert 1989). Though majority involve two parent firms, one from foreign and the second one a local company. Also it may involve partners with complex nationality and cultural background. For example, Xerox Shenzhen company formed from Xerox (china) and fuji Xerox (US-Japanese joint venture in Japan.). International Joint Venture Fig 3. International joint venture Source : http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:shC_GkI4UDgeCM:http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3504/3841640658_367ae3ab0d.jpg Merger and Acquisition There is a big difference between merger and acquisition, they should not be mistaken to be the same. Merger is when two companies come together to form a new company while acquisition is when one company purchase another company. Fig 4 merger and acquisition source : class module Motives of collaboration According to Ian Hewitt (2005), A company should not just go into collaboration just because other companies does, in fact different companies go into collaboration for different reasons. Below are few of the reasons why many companies does Increasing competitive pressure : competitors or rivalries in the market is one of the major reasons that force some companies into joint venture. Sharing cost and risk : one of the main reasons for joint venture is cost saving and risk sharing. It helps to achieve synergy through rationalizing of employment and other fixed cost, and it also research and development project like pharmaceutical, electronics, aero-engine, telecommunication and so on. Joint ventures are frequently used in capital intensive project like power stations or infrastructural projects Entering new markets : partnering with another company already established in a particular market also helps in entering new and emergence market effectively and it also helps in marketing an existing products and service to new customers. Total-quality-management. Do more with less : it brings about a quality management into business and help in achieving the companies objectives in less time. Access to new technology, technology know how and customers : joint venture helps to gain access to and to learn from partners technology , experience and skills as there is a rapid change in technology advancement day by day. Improve access to financial resources : coming together of the two companies improves the financial resources. Expand customer base : international joint venture also help to expand customer base in by making use of partners strength in different geographical area and both develop a wide network. Developing new products : a company can go into joint venture to provide new products or service to their current customers or new customer. Since it is joint venture, the companies can develop a new products to sell to their customers. In this new wave of technology, you cannot do it all yourself, you have to form alliances. Carlos Slim Helu. The Benefits and Risks Having considered few of the reasons why companies go into collaboration, it may sound interesting that collaboration is everything but an extreme care need to be taken when choosing the collaboration partner. Collaboration is good (when the right partner is selected) and it is bad (wrong partner). Before going into details of selection criteria in choosing a partner, below are the types, benefit and Risks associated with collaboration. Benefits Increased financial resources and stability : it allows the partners to contribute financially to the project in an appropriate ways to the joint operation and it increases the financial stability of the business. Improve buying power and economies of scale : it gives cost advantages and better purchasing power to increase the volume of business. Expansion to new market : forming joint ventures can help in capturing a new market. Share R D, engineering, production costs : joint venture helps when a company is trying to enter a new field of business, by forming joint venture with a company already established in the business, it makes it easier to enter into the market. Examples include research institute and national government level. Shorten lead time : collaboration shorten lead times and it makes it possible to achieve more in less time. Risks Loose overall control or desire for control : if it is not well managed, the stronger partner becomes a dominant and this can undermine the interest of the other partner and it may eventually leads to termination. Cultural issue : the partners must understand each others culture very well by doing an intensive research. Competent team that can negotiate in with people of different culture should be assigned to manage. Foreign exchange risk : in joint venture, high volatility in the foreign exchange market, the movements of Dollars, Yen, Pounds, Rupee, Franc and many more cannot be predicted, and even due to this in the oil transaction, it is generally accepted in the western world to trade in US dollars. Communication and translation problems : multinational project can become more complex if there is communication problem, and it is even better to have a translator or even two translators. Loose identity : individual company can lose their identity and they may end up in forming a new name and old customers loyalty may be lost, though if the partnership is well managed it will create new customer loyalty. Partners failure : if the partner failed to deliver, this mat cause a serious consequence or termination to the contract while the objectives have not been meant. Types of collaboration There are many ways in which collaboration can be formed, depending on the common objectives of the companies involved. Collaboration can be grouped into two namely : those defining the structure of the relationship and those defining the technical or commercial purpose of the relationship. Below are few types of collaboration that can be formed. Purpose Research Collaboration : which is most effective in scientific research and high technology new products. Joint Design and Development : involves two or more companies coming together to share the risk of developing a new product and this often leads to joint or parallel production. Joint Production : when two companies agree to produce separate sub-assemblies of the final product and this can leads to joint venture company. Parallel Production : when same and similar product is manufacture in two or more countries and one partner leads the development of manufacturing facilities. Licensing : formal agreement between two companies where primary company allow to use it design or know-how, or to manufacture a product and it involves payment of royalty fees. It may be of two types namely ;licensing in and licensing out, or both . Franchising : this involves third party to market proprietary products or services under the original suppliers brand name e.g. stores and supermarkets, fast food outlets, petrol stations, etc. Structure Informal and Gentlemans Agreements : this can be word of mouth agreement usually between partners of common interest and trust is essential. It can be a starting point for formal arrangement. Strategic Alliances : Michael and Srinivasa 1995) said it can be defined by simultaneously possessing the following three necessary characteristics; Two or more firm that unite to pursue a set of goals already agreed upon Partner firms share the benefits of the alliance and control over the performance of the assigned task Both contributes on a continuous basis in one or more strategic areas, e.g technology and product. It has no legal form, it is a relationship formed between two or more companies that share (proprietary), participate in joint investments, and develop link and processes to improve their performance of their companies. (http://www.apics.org/.). It can lead to creation of joint venture company. Strategic partnership : is a form of strategic alliance in which the partners are linked by a non-controlling level of shareholding, either bilateral or unilateral. (W.J.Bacchus 2005) Joint venture companies : this is an independent business entity, it involves ownership, operational responsibility and financial risk and reward. As it was started in the objectives in the previous chapter, this report will be focusing on joint venture companies. How to select a compatible Partner Companies that are more thorough and comparative in selecting international joint venture partners are more likely to be successful. When there is a need for joint venture, choosing the right partner is another important factor. Only few companies today believe they can achieve their goals and objectives on their own but by seeking partnership with another company to stay ahead in todays global economy, So due to this, there has been an high increase in the numbers of companies coming together around the globe . When a company is going into a joint venture, collaboration strategy need to be established. Furthermore in this report, it should be noted that a company in question will be represented by Company A and other companies that are available to choose from will be represented by Potential partner A,B,Cà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The company A planning and operational stages can be established as : 1st stage 2nd stage 3rd stage Fig 5. Planning stages Company strategic planning For any company going into collaboration, internal check is the first thing to consider. Internal check allows company A to analyse its performance so far in the competitive market, the knowledge and skills, financial stability and status, government policy, benefit and risks associated with joint venture, and most importantly their objectives of going into collaboration. To properly analyse these factors, S.W.O.T analysis can be used as follows : SWOT Analysis S- Strength What makes company A to remain strong in the market, backbone of its performance so far and this is part of what will attract a partner to go into joint venture with company A. W- Weaknesses Where they have been lagging behind, and affecting the company performance, it may be new technology innovation, lacks of skills or experience staff, inadequate training, breaking into new market and many more. O- Opportunities Opportunities can be to how strong company A is where it operates, reliability, wide network of customers, government connection, fast developing market, regional growth, license, market expansion and many more. T- Threats The treats can be government policy, competitors, Intellectual property right, fakes or fraud copies etc Table 1. S.W.O.T analyses of Company A After the S.W.O.T analysis of company A, having clearly analysed the needs and the objectives of the company, then a decision can then be made on types of strategy that will be best suited for them, either growing internally to combat the threats and weaknesses analysed while making best out of their opportunities and strength ,or by sourcing for a potential partner that they both have common objectives, and make sure the SWOT analyses of the two companies complement each other. The company As decision can be to grow internally or to seek a potential partner of product or project relatedness. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ Fig 6. (Source : Class Module) Growth of Company A At this stage, company A should be clear of the strategy best suited for them, and to assume that collaboration is the best. Then what type of collaboration and with what type of partner. How to maximise the benefit of collaborations and how to mitigate the risks should also be noted. Initial Assessments of the Potential Partners Having decided to go for collaboration (international joint venture), Initial assessment of the potential partners is very essential at this stage before going into details or make any commitment to avoid some of the risks attached to forming a joint venture, which is money and time wasting. In doing this, the following factors need to be considered : Objectives : the objectives of the two companies should be common and complement each other. Backgrounds : knowing about the companies background is important, knowing about their past, present and future intention records. Reputation : integrity of the company going into business with is important as people tend to judge you by the company you keep. Check what people say about them in terms of trust and reputation and also the success of collaboration they have had in the past if there is any. There should be a clear indication that trust can be build inside the relationship. Reliability : the company must be reliable to trade with. Experience : also it should be checked if they have had any collaboration experience in the past, then what was the outcome of it, if it was a success or failure, What type of management team do they work? Capital : they must be financially secured and they do not have credit problems and free from debt . Culture : the culture of the potential partners must be well read and understood. In international joint venture, cultural issues need to be taking care of as different cultural background sees contracts different ways. Structure ; also the structure in which they operate must be understood, also their mission, vision and values must be clearly considered and check if the joint venture can work. Performance : the way they perform in the market is also important, their level of performance in satisfying their customers and suppliers also need to be considered. Their production performance is also important. Product : the brand value should complement each other . These are the characteristics to look for in a potential partner and these factors can be known by checking the websites of the potential partners, company magazines, company reports (quarterly, mid-year, or annual), journals, trade publications, consultants, investment banks, collaboration track records, their suppliers and customers, ex- employee, newspapers and/or from the proposal sent from the potential partner. Tactical planning The next stage is the tactical planning and analysis, it is one of the most important aspect to consider when selecting a partner, having gotten SWOT analyses of your company and all the companies involved. Analyses Company A Potential partner A Potential partner B S- strengths à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ W- weaknesses à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ O- opportunities à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ T- threats Table 2. S.W.O.T Analyses Comparison These allows to compare the general features of each of the potential partners with company As S.W.O.T analysis to check which ones complement each other , and to make initial consideration of the company that can be collaborated with. Key issues and objectives at this stage need to be analysed from these S.W.O.T analysis, and the type of options each company can offer in terms of working together. If collaboration is the best, then what type can be the best for each of the potential partners. Which partner share the common strategy with company A. Also what can be the benefits and risk of forming joint venture with each company need to be carefully accessed. Also at this stage, evaluation and initial assessment of most suitable partner attributes is next. Then the objectives must be clearly defined . it must be S.M.A.R.T. S- Specific M- measurable A- achievable R- realistic and T- time bound The following factors are must be carefully considered when selecting a partner : Cultural issues In international joint venture, cooperation between different partners of different cultures can be a major challenge. In America tends to be individualist and not group oriented but unlike the Japanese that practices collectivist and are group oriented. Aimin and Yadong,(2001), Said one partner may impose its cultural values and norms on the other partner without even consider what the latter attribute might be. And later said that Americans are not very good in learning from their partners as Japanese does, so many foreign companies uses joint venture as an easy way of gaining access to America market and technology. And apart from the national culture, company operational culture need to be well access and make sure that there is compatibility in organisational and management practices with potential partner. Other factors that need to be taking into consideration about cultural issues when forming an international joint ventures are : Language : the language of the contract must be well understood. Since it is international joint venture, it is most likely that the companies comes from a very different nationality, so there must be a common language agreed upon to be used in meetings. Moreover if it is difficult to communicate better in that language, then a competent interpreter that can easily understand the two languages can be used and to be more clear and perfect, two interpreters can be used. The language must be well understood with no hidden agenda. Negotiation : negotiation in international joint venture require a very good management team in order to be successful. The strength and success of o joint venture depends on the interactions of its people. The team must have the experience, skills and attribute it takes to manage joint venture or people with moderate experience but motivated and committed to gain more knowledge. The management team consider the following factors ; Possible outcome : it is essential to outline what the possible outcome of company A and even the potential partners can be. Either it will be a win-lose or win-win approach or mixed. Alternative to agreement : also Company A need to have in mind what can be the best alternative to what they have already agreed on, and also what can be the best alternative for the potential partners as well. Then Company A should find a creative ways to strengthen their own and weakens their partners alternatives. Contract termination : there must be a clear agreement on how to terminate the deal and the price at which any of the companies can breach the deal must be set and estimated for each company. Records keeping : proper record is essential in international joint venture and at the end of every meeting, they need to check what they have already agreed on and what is still open to be discussed. Build trust : the team must be very open, ask many questions for clarity, show respect and highlight complementary need and interest. Resources : a company going into collaboration might not have the full resources require available to meet the demand and may need to tap resources from the joint venture partner. Resources can be human (people), skills and training, technology, raw materials, manufacturing facilities and so on. It must be ensured that the there will be availability of full resources. Political issues The partnership should be checked if it is politically accepted in each country and political risks should be considered. It is possible for the international joint venture to be affected by the political events or political instability in a host country. Also when there is a change in political relationship between the two countries, it may also have an implication on the joint venture. The system of government of the host country, political stability, laws and regulations, existence of other governing bodies must be taken into account. In order to plan ahead of any unforeseen political risk, an insurance policy need to be done and there must be an agreement on financial and operating policies. Financial issues This is another critical aspect of joint venture, it is very important in choosing a joint venture partner. There must be negotiation and the involved parties should agreed on the financial requirements. Financial status or position of all parties involved, debt etc. should be checked Partners market credibility : the market credibility of all the potential partners should be considered Partnership records : their financial performance in the previous partnership they had in the past. Capital contribution : the percentage of capital contribution of each partner should be clearly stated Raising capital : in case there will be a need to raise capital, this can be overdraft, short or long loan, government sources etc. likely source must be outlined Working capital : the capital needed while working must be agreed upon Shareholding : the ownership right of each company should be stated and clear Financial management structure Transaction risk : to avoid transaction risk due to unstable foreign exchange market, trade in home currency or open foreign bank account in the country where the partner comes from. E.g if companies from US and Uk form a partnership, there can be a an account in US Dollars and another in Pounds Sterling to run the project. Taxation (import and export) :different countries with different tax policy, it is very important to discuss the percentage of taxation in the country, the import and export rate Board of directors : the board of directors should be decided. Chairman : the chairman of the joint venture must be decided Governance : the rule of the countries to govern the joint venture Role definition : each party role must be stated clearly Profit share : the percentage of sharing profit between the parties must also be agreed upon. Inflation : possible solution in case of inflation in any of the countries must be taken into account. Resources availability : resource availability in terms of assets, equipment, rent, intellectual property right must be well planned. Legal issue In joint venture company, legal agreement is essential and this can be by word of mouth, gentlemens agreement, memorandum of understanding (MOU), detailed specification, evergreen, full contracts and many more (class module). In international joint venture, the following issues must be considered Governing law : the law of the country to govern the contract must be agreed upon. Payment method : there must be an agreement on the type of payment method accepted. IPR : the right of each partner in terms of Intellectual Property Right must be stated. Patent right, copyright, trademarks etc must also be considered. Termination : it should be stated under which condition can any partner terminate the contract. Common events that terminates contracts are When the contract expires Change of goal of one of the partners Breach of contract by any of the parties Financial or legal issue. Responsibilities : what is expected from each party need to be understood Financial right : they must know their financial right. Veto power : there must not be a partner enforcing power on the other Communication : the way in which communication will be transferred from place to place must be addressed. Managerial right : the level in which each company will operate in terms of management must be stated. Capital : what each partner will contribute and what they will get out of it in terms of profit, product etc Transfer of share : there must be a mutual agreement on the share transfer, normally the parties entering into a joint venture is not expected to transfer its share to third party without the consent of its joint venture partner. Agreement : the management team must ensure that there is a proof of agreement between the partners. Language : the language of the contract must be plain and well understood by the joint venture companies. Criteria for selecting a partner Clear definitions and Common Objectives : select a partner that brings no hidden agenda when negotiating with them, the objectives must complements each other and there must be an evidence that the parties need each other, the language of the contract must be well understood. Strategy clarity and compatibility : the strategy of company A and the potential partner must be very clear, well understood and compatible with each other. Financial strength : it is advisable to partner with a company that has a very strong financial base as it was explain in this module. Mutual benefit : win-win attitude and approach is the ideal for the joint venture partner there must be a low risk of either of the partners becoming a competitor. Previous track records : it is not advisable to go into joint venture with a company that has a poor track record in terms of partnership, financial or customers satisfaction. Management : Culture compatibility : as different companies from different countries operates on different culture, there must be a clear understanding of the potential partner culture in compatible the your Compatibility of CEOs and Senior managers Market power : how strong the potential partner are in the market, customers satisfaction, suppliers relationship Overseas experience : the experience they have in doing business outside their parent country, how it was managed and the success stories they have had in the past. Product relatedness : the products of the joint venture companies must supplement each other, there must be product relatedness. Proper match : there must be proper match in terms of objectives, strength, weakness, opportunities, weakness, culture, financial capability, product relatedness, strategy and so on. There must not be gaps left behind or overlook. Common Objectives Strength Strength More opportunities Less threats

Pantaloons Retail India Limited

Pantaloons Retail India Limited Future Group focuses most in the retail segment and most of its businesses are built around the same. Future Groups retail network operates 1,000 stores for more than 200 million Indians in 73 cities and 65 rural locations across the country in 16 million square feet of retail space. Some of the most popular retail chains of India like Pantaloons (chain of fashion destinations), Big Bazaar (hypermarket chain), Food Bazaar (supermarket chain) and Central (chain of seamless destination malls) Brand Factory, Planet Sports, ALL, Top 10 and Star and Sitara are managed by Future group. Indias most popular online shopping portal www.futurebazaar.com is also owned by the Future Group. Home building and home improvement products and services are also led through the groups formats, like the Home Town (large-format home solutions store), Collection i (formats specialized for home furniture and home furnishing) and Furniture Bazaar and consumer electronics through eZone and Electronics Bazaar. Aadhaar, Indias leading rural retailing chain has a presence in more than 65 rural locations. It acts as a complete solution provider for the Indian farmer. Pantaloons Retail India Limited Pantaloon Retail (India) Limited is one of the leading retailers in India. Mr. Kishore Biyani, is the founder and is famously known as Indias King of Retail. Pantaloon has revolutionized the retail fraternity. With its headquarter in Mumbai, Pantaloons operates multiple retail formats in value and lifestyle segment. Pantaloons plans to increase its retail space to 30 million sq. ft. by 2011. PRIL is sub-divided into: Pantaloons Big bazaar Food Bazaar Fashion Station All Blue sky E-zone Collection 1 Home town Central Mall 2001 Indias first hypermarket chain Big bazaar is launched 2002 Food bazaar, a supermarket chain is launched 2006 Future groups financial arm, Future capital holdings launches two real estate funds Pantaloons High fashion family department, geared toward Indian middle and upper classes. In 2005, pantaloons rolled out a new merchandise and brand communication campaign to position itself as fashion trendsetter appeal to Indias youth. Central Mall It is positioned as a place for shopping, eat and enjoying. Big Bazaar Big Bazaar hypermarket concept was started in 2007 by PRIL. It was designed to integrate elements of an Indian bazaar with recent retailing features like parking of vehicles, AC shopping environment and privilege of replacing merchandise. Food Bazaar The first outlet of Food Bazaar opened in June 2002, within a Big Bazaar store, six month later the chain had grown to 42 outlets: 18 stand alone. Future Groups main businesses are : E-commerce Futurebazaar.com, Pantaloons website has changed the e-commerce business in India. A wide range of products are made available at affordable prices. PC World has named the website as the Best Indian Website for 2007 in the Shopping category. Food In the food section, a lot of options are available like Food Bazaar Chain of large super markets Brew Bar Its a beer bar Cafà © Bollywood -Its a eateries chain which is PAN India Chamosa Snack counter Sports Bar A Bistro which is dedicated to the sports world Fashion Varieties of options are available in this section like Top 10, Central, Blue Sky, Etam, Fashion Station, Gini, Jony, Navaras and ALL. Home Electronics Furniture store called Collection i Electronic goods and appliances store called Electronics Bazaar Electronics Items store called e-zone Home furniture store called Furniture Bazaar One destination for all home needs called Home Town Leisure Entertainment A family entertainment center called Bowling Co. A store offering gaming options from bowling, pool, video games to bumper cars called F 123 Wellness Beauty Health Village Its a yoga center as well a spa Star Sitara: A beauty salon for men and women Tulsi Allopathic, homeopathic and ayurvedic medicinal products are provided Turmeric Beauty products like colour cosmetics, fragrances, herbal and specialty skin items, hair products and bath accessories are offered. Books Music Depot It offers stationary, CDs and books Major Achievements of Pantaloon Retail 2007 International Retailer of the Year 2007 Emerging market Retailer of the Year 2007 According to Hewitt Best Employers Survey Best Employers in India (Rank 14th) 2006 Best Managed Company in India (Mid-cap) for the year 2006 Image Retail Awards for Best Value Retail Store, Best Retail Destination, and Best Food Grocery Store. Retail Black Hole Model The Black hole model is also known as The Retail EST Model. It was developed by J.C Williams Group. According to this model a retailer can win if he is the best in one of the several retail offerings i.e to say that the company is clearly positioned in one or more preferred locations to win and hence they are the strategic differentiators. The losers gravitate to central position, are not best at anything and are sucked into the black hole of retailing We have a store opening virtually every fortnight; I have lost count now of how many I have opened Kishore Biyani Big Bazaar A paradigm shift to the Modern Retail Big Bazaar is a unit of Pantaloon Retail (India) Ltd and caters to the Great Indian Middle Class. It is like an Indian bazaar or mandi or mela, the environment created by traders to give shoppers a sense of moment. The personality of big bazaar is one of an entity being authentically no-frills. The personality of the brand is self expressed by its tagline Is se sasta aur accha kahin nahi It sells a variety of merchandise at affordable rates, the prices of which it claims are lowest in the city. Usually the items are clubbed together for offers as on the lines of Wal-Mart and Carrefour, offer weekend discounts and works on the same economy model as Wal-Mart and has considerable success in many Indian cities and small towns. Food Bazaar format was added as Shop-In-Shop within Big Bazaar in the year 2002. Big Bazaar and Food Bazaar blend the look, feel and touch of Indian Bazaar with modern retail concepts of choice, convenience and quality. PRODUCT MIX TARGET AUDIENCE Higher and upper middle class customers are the target segment of Big bazaar. Another preferred customer segment is the young and growing population of the country. Big bazaar primarily targets the women folk and home makers who they feel are the primary decision makers. CORE COMPETENCIES Product range consisting of more than 20,000 products. Has a strong supply chain spanning one thousand five hundred cities and towns in India. Big bazaar has tie ups with world leaders in logistical services. Big bazaar has created a helpline for solving the queries of customers. Offers manufacturers guarantee as opposed to sellers guarantee. Good quality at reasonable cost. STRATEGIES: Minimize retailing cost. Minimize operating expenses by employing fewer floor staff -single person for every 500 sq ft. Keep furniture cost to minimum. Cut down expenses related to sourcing by almost 25-30%. Increasing the overall efficiency of logistics by creating mother-hubs all across India for the purpose of sourcing products from regional/local vendors. Slashing channel cost by up to 25%. Economizing Shelf Space Dealing with unsold stock in an effective manner. Ensuring enough pull to snatch away customers from the neighbourhood. Introducing the concept of todays price wherein a products is chosen on a daily basis and sold at lower than usual price. Big Bazaars New Marketing Strategy: A new marketing strategy, based on guerrilla marketing has been launched by big bazaar. The guerrilla force is divided into small groups to selectively attack the target at its weak points. As a part of this strategy Future group has come up with three catchy and cocky advertisement campaigns. Keep West-a-Side. Make a smart choice! Shoppers! Stop. Make a smart choice! Change Your Lifestyle. Make a smart choice! STRATEGIC ANALYSIS SWOT analysis of Big Bazaar PEST ANALYSIS Political and Legal Factors: A stable government at the centre creates an encouraging investment climate Problems of getting subsidy from Octrai and on different taxes like land, water taxes A less complicated taxation structure(GST) on the horizon. Problems regarding taking over properties and real estate. Easing restrictions on FDI by the government leading to easier import of foreign consumer goods, thereby bringing variety to the Indian market place. Economical: India is one of the fastest growing economies, next only to China (7-7.5% GDP growth rate). Retail Industry to grow leaps and bounds by 2015 due to the consumption driven economy of the country. Increase in the percentage contribution of the service sector to GDP. Increased emphasis on infrastructural growth in the current 5 year plan will help reduce some of the bottlenecks in the retail segment. Socio-Cultural Factors: Increase in Nuclear families Increase in working womens proposition Life style changes Shift in Product and service preferences Increase in Young population giving the country a demographic advantage Technological: Technological development for fast billing and the service Better applications of information technology in the modern retail industry, like in supply chain management, store management, point of sale and customer relationship management Porters Five Forces Model 7 P Analysis of Big Bazaar Product There is a wide range of products on offer at Big-bazaar, ranging from apparels, food, farm products, furniture, child care, toys, etc. Products of all the major brands are available at Big Bazaar. A lot of in house brands (private labels) are also promoted by Big Bazaar. Price The tag-line of Big Bazaar is Is se sasta aur accha aur kahin nahi. The model on which Big bazaar works is one of economies of scale. Maximum Market Share (market penetration pricing) is the major objective of pricing at Big bazaar. Place Big-bazaar has a pan India presence with more than seventy-five outlets spread across fifty cities. Big Bazaar has presence in almost all the major Indian cities. Kishore Biyani is very aggressive when it comes to expansion plans of Big bazaar. As per Biyani, the cost of real estate should preferably be less than 5% of total sales of store if one wants to provide maximum benefit to customers. Securing spaces before other retailers join in has been a strategic decision of Big bazaar which has resulted in cost-saving. Promotion Many novel cross sell and upsell strategies have been developed by Big bazaar in Indian retail market. Big Bazaar uses various promotional techniques such as saal ke sabse saste teen din, Future card, Shakti card, using M.S.Dhoni as brand ambassador, Exchange offers such as junk swap offer, POP promotions. Print media, TV, Radio (FM) and road-side bill-boards are some of the many means used by Big bazaar for advertizing and effective communication. People People are considered to be one of the key assets in any organization and their importance is even more profound in the service sector. Big bazaars staff possesses some salient features such as: The staff is well trained for modern retail. Innovative thinking among the employees is encouraged at Big bazaar. Multiple payment counters, availability of stores staff for keeping baggage and presence of security guard at every gate. Process Some of the salient features of dispatch and purchasing area of goods include : Trolleys are available for carrying purchased items sufficient nos of counters for easy check-out are present. Information hoardings/banners for efficient identification of items at store Physical Evidence It deals with the final deliverable or the exhibit of written facts. The staff has standardized dress code to improve the overall appearance of the store (atmospherics). FINANCIAL ANALYSIS of PRIL PRIL Profit and Loss Statement Interpretation Total revenues have constantly been on the rise. This is partly due to the increasing sales resulting from aggressive expansion plans (opening up of outlets) of PRIL. PAT has also been on steady rise though it has flattened a bit in recent years probably due to higher operating costs, inability to transfer the increased cost to the customer etc. EPS has also been on a steady rise apart from a single occasion in 2007 when it went down. The reason could be a rights issue or other similar action leading to equity dilution. The return on capital employed has been decreasing YoY. This could because of concern for the company. The debt equity ratio has not been too volatile and has always been below 2 which is an indication of sound financial status of the company. Aggressive Marketing: Promotions The promotional activity of the company, which says Nobody Sells Cheaper and Better! has differentiated Big-Bazaar (as a brand) in the minds of the customer. The punch-line has made its place in minds of customer. As the competition is becoming stiff in the market the activities conducted by the company are unique, that have brought fruitful result to the company. Among them sales Promotions is one of the leading activity or unique among all other activities has high influence on the customer walk-in. As sales promotions is the major force for Big-Bazaar, Big Bazaar take it very seriously especially during festivals special occasions by focussing aggressively on psychological emotional promotion strategies as per the demographic profile of the various consumers. About 60-70% of shopping for apparel, consumer durables, and home furnishing, among other things, happen during festivals. At least 40-50% takes place during the peak festival season, between September and November. According to Ashni Biyani, 23, a team is set up six months ago comprising experts on Indian mythology and religion, retail and even an expert on days, seriously targeted one-third of the 150 auspicious days in the Hindu calendar. They map all the communities in India on how they shop and how these calendars work. They focus to understand intuitively, their customs, their rituals, adding that this is the part of a larger strategy to engage customers and to attract that India which lives in the deep-rooted communities. Sabse Saste 3 Din: The best watershed for brand Big Bazaar was the introduction of the Sabse Sasta Din in January 2005, when the Indian Republic Day holiday was utilized to make sure that hordes of consumers descended on all Big Bazaars across the country to buy all kinds of household items cheap. There were scenes of customers actually vigorously fighting over items in-store long queues were seen in the store. Big Bazaar like previous years, attracted large crowds during its three day sales event called Sabse Saste 3 Din organised to celebrate the Republic Day. Depending on the results, the event is sometimes extended to 5-6 days as it happened in 2008. The promotional event being organised by Big Bazaar every year has assumed great significance over the years. A large number of customers look forward to this event as hefty discounts on a range of products are offered to the customers in partnership with the retail chains vendors on this occasion. This is, perhaps, the biggest sales event being organised by any retailer in the country. Big Bazaar, which sold merchandise worth Rs 140 crores in 2007, garnered revenues of over Rs. 280 crores during the year 2008 the growth still continues unexpectedly. As mentioned by Kishore Biyani, the whole focus is low margins pushing volumes aggressively during these times which make the Big-Bazaar stick to its core Brand-Personality. Wednesday and Weekend Bazaar: One of the most popular events Wednesday Bazaar presents terrific offers and irresistible discounts on majority of the products. The Concept was to aim at giving the homemakers the power to save the most on this day of the week. Even on weekends when the footfall is the highest, eye-catching offers and discounts are promoted. The weekend promotions differentiated from the Wednesday bazaar in terms of the offers cross-selling and not on reducing the price of a particular product. This way they were able to differentiate both the concepts focus on avoiding confusion while promoting it to the consumers and also attract different type of consumers during these durations. Special event promotions: Maha Bachat Sale: Big Bazaars incorporates such as on Independence day by having Maha Bachat Sale which did a business of 1.5 crores in its Bangalore store alone. Maha Bachat focuses on further reducing the price as compared to the Wednesday Bazaar. Also on auspicious occasions such as Akshaya Tritiya which again did a business of 150Cr on a single day in Mumbai Ahmedabad last year. An event offering discounts, benefits and privileges to senior citizens were created and promoted on the Senior Citizens Day. Monthly Bachat Bazaar: Big Bazaar understands clearly the habits of Indian consumers. In Monthly Bachat Bazaar the prices are reduced at the start of every month in order to target those consumers who bulk purchase the products and especially the commodities every month. Price Challenge Campaign: Reinforcing Big Bazaars USP of value proposition, Is se sasta aur accha kahin nahi scheme was launched. The challenges promise to offer twice the price difference, if the cost of any of the item found in the store is found to be higher than the market price. This doesnt mean that the consumer actually go to other shops in order to compare the prices, but due to this challenge of Big-Bazaar, the consumers had more faith trust on the Big-Bazaar and hence were confident seeing the confidence level of Big-Bazaar which again built a strong brand differentiation of Big-Bazaar for low pricing. Exchange Offers: This promotion primarily focused on letting people disposing off their junk and to gain something out of it in return i.e. Bring anything old take anything new. They could exchange their products and shop from a huge spectrum of discounted products. This gave the motivation factor to consumers to give their old belongings for something worth hence their old is not getting waste or is unvalued. Since the Indian consumers are very much value conscious, this strategy worked out very well. Big-Bazaar also made it sure that the campaign is actually not fooling the consumers around and is actually giving the desired value focusing on the fact that faith thrashed is never recovered in India. In- Store Communications: To ensure that no one misses out on an opportunity to gain from special offers, service boys ferry around a trolley with the product inside, announcing the scheme. Not only is this entertaining it also helps customers pick up the product from the trolley instead of walking up to the rack where it is on display. Language Customization: To make sure that non-English speaking customers dont feel alienated, the communication is also conducted in the local language. The communication is always unambiguous and direct. The Power of One Campaign: This initiative encourages customers to add One Rupee to their bill towards donation to a social cause. Big Bazaar makes an equal contribution and donates the entire proceeds to an NGO called Save the Children India. This is a selfless body which has been working for the welfare of children from marginalized sections of society. Corporate campaign: Big Bazaar has recently launched a corporate campaign which revolves around a family having a great time together. The brand anthem Khushiyon se Bhari Jholi connects with the customers at an emotional level positioning Big Bazaar as part of the happy moments. Future Cards: Specifically for Big Bazaar outlets these credit-cum-loyalty card which offer customers a slew of discounts and benefits across Future Group stores are co-branded with ICICI Bank. Customers receive four loyalty points for every Rs 100 spent at Future groups retail stores and one loyalty point for every Rs 200 spent outside the groups retail stores. This creates a vicious cycle for the customers to repeat their purchases and is especially done by the consumers during special occasions. School Jao Khushi Khushi Providing Discounts School related requirements accessories like school bags, water bottles, lunchboxes, shoes etc. Promotions include: Pencil Case for purchase of above Rs 500. Free shopping trip worth Rs 1000/- for Sending ones experience of the Best day that you had in school the most humorous the best one is selected as a winner and to avail the offer. Lucky draw for the lucky kids shop for Rs 1,000 above, drop in your kids name into the drop box 10 lucky kids were provided with the offer 30% off on an NIIT course Motivational offer for Kids: Shop for Rs 500 or above, Parents are told to drop in the kids painting, the best painting is sponsored for an art course. Doston ke saath khushiyon manao Individual are invited with friends more the merrier shopping with 1 friend entitles the individual with 10% discount, coming with two friends get 20% discount etc on the total bill. Friendship band to every walk-in A friend indeed -people were told to drop their best friends name in the drop-box and in lucky draw the winner could win the major prize A Car!! Special treatment emotional connect for the individual his/her friend -free massage, tattoos, horoscope etc were provided for purchases above Rs 500/- above during the friendship day. Diwali Dhamaka: This campaign especially remains open for longer duration Huge discounts are seen over the board If purchase is above Rs 300/- two pairs of diya were provided to the customers Tie up with known mithaiwala: if one purchases above 1000/- people can avail discounts of 45% or above on the mithai purchased from that mithaiwala. Motivating the home made mithai recepies: Purchasing goods worth Rs 500 above, females were pulled to send the recipe of their secret mithai the best judged recipe gets a complete set of Sanjeev Kapoors cook-books Diwali Manao Abroad winning through lucky draw on purchases worth Rs 1,000 or above. Christmas Joy: Across the board discounts. Big Bazaars special surprise Christmas gift on purchase of over Rs 1000/- or above. Christmas-Card Design Contest: Design next years Christmas card for children and a gift voucher worth Rs. 500 were given to the best card winner. Big Bazaar Christmas party focussing on points vouchers through festival focussed games. Happy-Hours: All the discounts/offers were hiked up in a fixed hr of a day eg: Buy X and get Rs 10 off on that day will become Rs 15 off. Mystery-Shopper: Everyday, one person is tagged as the mystery shopper i.e. a) 100th person walking through the door wearing all red b) 1st person walking through the door wearing all red These person gets the discount of 50% on the total bill. Apke kismat mein hai khushi: Lucky is happy Based on scratch card Get all that you pick in 60 seconds till reaching the billing counter Assured gift for the bulk takers: Choose a gift from the listed items if the bill is above 1000/- This is used especially to push the non-moving goods which is usually put in the listed free gift items. Banto khushiyan har ek ke sang: Social causes Khilone se khushi bate Toy drop box was set in the big-bazaar store and the concept was promoted to ask for the toys from the families then the toys were sent to the social organisations working for underprivileged childrens. This has helped the underprivileged, generate goodwill, and have also attracted the floor traffic to store at the large scale. Supporting a charity Support through charity: Donation to the charity on the individuals name for purchasing above a specified amount. Customers were given an ornament with his or her name on it to hang signifying the donation by the individual. Advertisements: Advertising for Big-Bazaar is an essential component of brand building. The advertisement focusing on brand building of Big-Bazaar is done through various ways, Some of the techniques applied are: Tag Line: One of the key components of Big Bazaar is its Tag Lines. Designed according to the demographic profile of customers in order to get connected easily with simple one-liners. The catch liners includes Chane ke bhaw kaaju, Stall ke bhaw balcony etc. Holistic Advertisement: Promotes the brand and creates awareness among people. It is not targeted at promoting each store but only creates an image of Big-Bazaar as low-cost shopping option. The store has advertised through TV, road-shows and also started reality show typed promotional campaign The Big Bazaar Challenge Promotions like Sabse Sasta Din is very successful strategy to get footfall. Print-Ads: Just before the launch of any new schemes Big-Bazaar spends heavily on advertisements in print media especially newspapers. This is done in order to create a buzz about the big-bazaar brand its upcoming schemes. TV-Ads: various channels are utilized properly, also as per the demographics cultural channels the schemes, promotions especially the common brand tag-line is aired in order to create top of the mind awareness Road side Advertisements: As a brand building exercise, big-bazaar displays bill-boards in prime locations as per the target people. Focus is more on the phrases which is targeted to the needs of the customers as per the market conditions at that particular point of time. Radio-Ads: The major focus through radio ads is in Tier-12 cities. And the prime emphasis is given on radio ads for promotions in order to inform customers for all the new happenings schemes at Big-Bazaar. Fashion-Shows: The latest innovation of the Indian iconic brand is FASHION @ BIG BAZAAR Desh Badla, Bhesh Badlo. In order to make an effort to take the Fashion to the masses, a three-day fashion show was organized by Big-Bazaar on the streets of Bandra, Mumbai. Brand Endorsement by Celebrity: For marketing and advertising its brand name, value endorsement co-branding is used by Big Bazaar. Earlier Himesh Reshammiya Sanath Jaisuriya was associated with Big-Bazaar. Also, recently the current campaigns are being associated promoted with the Indian cricket ODI captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni. Communication through Media: Heavy spending is carried out for proper position of Big Bazaar through the different mediums. Paper advertisements are released just before the launch of any new scheme, billboards are displayed on prime locations, frequent TVCs are aired in prime time in various Indian channels for the mass, advertisements on FM channels about the current happenings are aired etc. Below the Line Promotion: Coupon, discount, more of the product at normal price, gift with purchase, competition, and prizes, money back offer, exchange offer, special occasion. Big Bazaar, in association with Star India Pvt Ltd, has launched a collection of designer ethnic wear under the brand Star Parivaar. Above the Line Promotion: Advertisements in Newspaper, TV, Internet (own website which give online shopping service), Partnership with Bigfilx, Big FM 92.7. Aggressive Pricing Strategy The tag-line is Is se Sasta aur accha aur kahin nahi make Big-Bazaar to differentiate itself from competitors in terms of only pricing the value at that price. Hence it makes it very important for the Big-Bazaar to always focus on the its pricing strategies to keep the prices always low compared to the competitors whatever the market, economy or the external conditions is. They work on the model of economics of scale. There pricing objective is to get Maximum Market Share. The various pricing techniques used at Big Bazaar are: EDLP Every Day Low Pricing: Big-Bazaar as a brand is differentiated through low pricing strategies. Hence it promises delivers the lowest available price without stressing on coupon clipping, discount promotions waiting time, or comparison shopping. Promotional-Pricing: Low interest rate financing is being offered by Big-Bazaar. Psychological discounting (Rs. 99, Rs. 49, etc.) strategy is used as a promotional tool. Special Event pricing (Close to Diwali, Gudi Padva, and Durga Pooja) is also the prime focus of big-bazaar for the reasons mentioned in the previous topic. Value-Pricing: Big-Bazaar sets selling prices on the perceived value to the customer, rather than on the actual cost of the product, the market price, competitors prices, or the historical price. Differentiated Pricing: Also termed as Time pricing, i.e. difference in rate based on peak and non-peak hours or days of shopping. This again as a pricing technique is used in Indian retail, hence aggressively used by Big Bazaar. Psychological Pricing: In order to attract status-conscious customers and also to push status-consciousness among the middle-class people, psychological pricing concept was undertaken by Big-Bazaar which provided the best deal in the market for the products which are market-buzz-creators and highly engaging long-lasting products such as LCD TVs, Washing Machines etc. Bundling: In

Macbeth by William Shakespeare :: essays research papers

In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare there is a major conflict throughout the whole play. The main character Macbeth is faced with many decisions. The key decision that Macbeth makes that leads to his death is his decision to kill King Duncan. The opportunity cost would be keeping his loyalty to the king and his country. Macbeth, who is the Thane of Cawdor and already Thane of Glamis, has everything going for him. He has a good heart, but there is only one thing which keeps him from continuing to be a good person. The love of his life, Lady Macbeth, wants him to commit a heinous crime. She wants him to kill King Duncan so he could be crowned king and her Queen. Macbeth is manipulated and faced with the opportunity cost of killing the king. MACBETH. If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir† (1.3.34-36). This is Macbeth trying to decide whether or not he should kill the king, but in doing so he would be faced with other predicaments. The key decision Macbeth makes, which is to kill the king, leads to his own death and his moral downfall. Macbeth has a huge decision to make, to kill King Duncan or not kill him. The opportunity cost of killing King Duncan is Macbeth will get crowned king. The advantage of not killing him and waiting is he will gain king right away if he waits. The disadvantage of not killing him is he has to wait and could not get crowned king. He also may die before that happens. On the contrary the advantage of killing Duncan is he gets crowned right away and gets major status. The disadvantage is the murder could backfire on him and Macbeth could get killed while being king. People also would not respect him or his leadership if they thought he killed King Duncan. LADY MACBETH. When you durst do it, then you were a man: And, to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man (1.7.48-53). Macbeth’s decision was based on Lady Macbeth’s manipulation. She would mess with his ego and threaten his love for her until her committed the crime. Macbeth wanted to obtain king the holy way or the right way, but Lady Macbeth had other intentions, such as, killing King Duncan.

Pro-Life or Pro-Choice: Abortion Analyzed Through the Sociological Le

Throughout the course of history, many sociological issues have become relevant throughout Canada. These issues and their effects on society are part of the reason in which things are they way they are today. This research essay examines one of the most controversial sociological issues in all of history: abortion. To begin, a brief history of abortion in Canada is provided. From there, it discusses and analyzes the many laws or lack thereof regarding abortion in Canada. By analyzing the laws and legislation that has been put in place by Canadian government, it is easy to see how people can assume different positions on this topic. Throughout the first section, it also discusses women’s rights regarding birth and their bodies. Secondly, this research essay takes a look at the stigma surrounding abortion and how that has evolved over the years. By examining the way in which people view abortion, it is easier to understand this controversy and why this is such an issue in Canadi an society today. As well, we are able to examine the factors that cause such a stigma to still be present, such as religion. The next section discusses the services and programs that are available within Canada for Canadian women. These services could not only represent a bias in the healthcare community but also display a correlation between the distances of women from abortion clinics to the amount of abortions per year. Next, this essay examines the political discourse surrounding abortion and the multiple attempts that have been made to change the abortion laws in Canada. Finally, one of the most important sections of this essay discusses the major impact that abortion and abortion conflicts have on society. By viewing this issue through the sociological... ...y of chicago press, 2011, 354 p. Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue Canadienne De Sociologie 50 (1): 116-20. Plumb, Alison. 2013. Research note: A comparison of free vote patterns in westminster-style parliaments. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 51 (2) (April 2013): 254-66. Saurette, Paul, and Kelly Gordon. 2013. Arguing abortion: The new anti-abortion discourse in canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science 46 (1): 157-85. Sethna, Christabelle, and Marion Doull. 2013. Spatial disparities and travel to freestanding abortion clinics in canada. Vol. 38Elsevier. Shaw, Jessica, Tanya Basok, Jeffrey Noonan, Suzan Ilcan, Nicol A. Noel. 2013. Full-spectrum reproductive justice: The affinity of abortion rights and birth activism. Studies in Social Justice 7 (1): 201. Wright, Mills , Charles. Oxford University Press. The Sociological Imagination. 1959